The Haiti one is easy. It's coordination, coordination, coordination. If we coordinate really well, we will have the information and we won't be falling prey to fake tent cities and so on. Coordination in general has been a big problem in Haiti, partly because there are too many organizations, partly because of the weaknesses in the UN and the Government of Haiti. But I think with good coordination, things like that can be avoided. So even if they put up a tent city, they wouldn't receive any assistance if we--humanitarian agencies, local government, the military presence there, and journalists, and so on, everybody on the ground--had properly coordinated. There are enough people in Haiti to know and to be able to see through those.
While the case in Haiti is corruption, I don't think it is necessarily systemic corruption. It is poor people trying to take advantage of an abundance of stuff. So you prevent it, but I don't think it's as big an issue as is the systemic corruption. It exists in Haitian society, but I think the tent city probably wasn't a good example.
The Bosnia case is a more complicated one and a harder one to deal with, because it was corruption and there was also probably intent--the military aims or whatever--because it's possible that different military factions were stockpiling things so they could sell them in case the war broke out again, or whatever. Some people there still think it's possible.
The way we deal with that one is through direct distributions, making proper lists, and proper assessments to start with. So we do not rush out to distribute things. We register people, which the UN was doing in Bosnia, and we do direct distributions to individuals rather than to centres or communities where you off-load the truck of things in one community and so on.
Bosnia was one of the places where lots of assistance came not through the United Nations systems and big NGOs but rather through small efforts of people's goodwill across Europe. So a family in Germany would collect a truck of goods, bring it there and just give it to town authorities, and there's no way to control that. This again is where coordination is really important.
I think much less of that is happening now with the coordination efforts, because the humanitarian community has worked on it a lot. It is still happening, though. But where the coordination is good, there is much less of that happening.
I don't think it's a big concern when a person gets ten kilograms of something and goes and sells five kilograms so she can buy five kilograms of something else. If it's on a small scale, it's not actually an issue. It's a coping mechanism; that's how people deal with the crisis. But if it starts piling up in warehouses in big quantities, that is a big issue.
There are a number of quality and accountability initiatives that NGOs in the UN have started, which rely on good data management, sharing the databases, comparing the names, issuing IDs, and so on to avoid that and to make aid individual.