I was talking about civil organizations, police forces,
the relations between the RCMP and American security agencies; between agencies such as, on the American side, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the border security agencies. It would also include, as is the case in counter-terrorism now, relations among financial agencies that track money laundering and movements; relations among local police. This is all part of it. As Dr. Charron noted, at NORTHCOM headquarters there are I think 60 to 80 U.S. agencies that are involved in U.S. Homeland Security as well as Defense. In the Canada-U.S. context, the linkages on security tended to be agency to agency because we don't have an overall architecture. We don't have a command on the Canadian side that exactly mirrors NORTHCOM, so this co-operation goes on all the time at a bureaucratic level. It's what characterizes Canada-U.S. relations.
For example, in the 2006 renewal of the NORAD agreement, the maritime warning mission was added to NORAD. Prior to that, you already had co-operation on maritime domain awareness between the two navies, and because of the nature of the U.S. Maritime Homeland Security structure, between the United States Coast Guard, which is an armed forces and a law enforcement agency, and the Canadian Navy and Coast Guard. So NORAD is just a part of an overall Canada-U.S. defence and security organization, and as I suggested, it's actually atypical because it's a formally institutionalized, binational command structure when other aspects of co-operation are done on an agency-to-agency basis.