As I think the chief of the defence staff has said here, climate change is an existential risk. It is opening. It is causing drought. Wars are being fought over access to water. It is causing the world's major protein source—fish—to move further north and away from populations that need it, causing more illegal fishing, which causes economic harm. There are a number of things that are not purely military that add to our risk assessment when we talk about climate change.
In terms of the Arctic, we know it is warming faster than the rest of the globe. It means that the opportunities to access hydrocarbons.... Hydrocarbons, rare earth minerals and things that are of interest are more accessible. They're, in fact, more dangerous in the mid-term.
I think the Coast Guard has probably told you about its concern about how, as the ice melts, multi-year ice comes down from the polar cap and is in the navigable waters. It's much more dangerous for navigation. The Arctic is not charted to modern standards. It doesn't have aids to navigation that are to modern standards. The consequence and the ecological disaster that could occur from that if something goes wrong—a ship going aground—is significant. We have to be prepared for it. In the immediate, there's that kind of risk as opposed to a military risk.