I’m not sure I can answer your question.
I can tell you that in the US, where I think they realized much sooner that economic espionage by China, for example, is a massive problem, the Obama administration tried a diplomatic approach.
At the time, President Obama went to meet his counterpart in China and an agreement was negotiated to try to put an end to economic espionage. From what we were able to find out, it worked for about a year. In any case, there was a major decrease in Chinese economic espionage activities. At the next crisis, or for various reasons, economic espionage started up again.
I am not saying that to discredit the diplomatic approach. Diplomacy plays a role in certain aspects.