Every program we have has a set of benchmarks and performance indicators right from the onset. The ones that are more focused on R and D have benchmarks, including what you would see as a bibliometric type of benchmark: the number of publications, the number of codes that we've influenced, the number of regulations that have been influenced by the research that's been done, and often the number of participants in these projects.
One of the key issues in innovation is to make sure we make the best use we can of the innovation system. The innovation system has three main performers: industry, academia, and government laboratories. We try to foster these types of collaborations, so that innovation can move along the chain from a discovery point to adoption and commercialization at the end.
Depending on the program, we have different types of benchmarks. On the economic payback, it's one that's more delicate. On carbon capture and storage, for example, a company cannot make a profit off a project that's been financed partly by government. In fact, if there's revenue generated from that project, it must pay back the contributions received from government. The framework for each program, then, is slightly different, depending on the objective of the program.
We could provide a set of the type of performance indicators, should you be interested, for specific programs, whether they be on the ones that are more research-oriented, like the program of energy R and D, or the clean energy fund.