I would like to build on what Vic has said. You've really asked a very difficult question and there's no single solution. Let's start at the very beginning. I think the very first starting point, as Vic said, is that indigenous people have to have co-ownership in the resources. With co-ownership, like for all of us, comes responsibility. Once we're given responsibility it becomes important. This filters down into the first nation communities.
What we're seeing right now is that the earth sciences—what I specialize in, geology—should be a 1:1 meld with the first nation communities because it's understanding the earth. I'm a geologist and what I study is earth's history and earth as it is now. Then they can bring their traditional values to this. But it's not important to them. If you look at most first nation students they're going into law, some into the environment, into business. They're not being drawn to this sector whatsoever. I can't find students from first nation communities to take on the projects that I have in science. It's a real concern of mine and it shouldn't be that way. They need to be partial owners of those resources. If they take responsibility, they become important to the first nation communities. Their children realize that, and then we can move forward. That is the first step. Then we need to have programs that allow them to enter into streams at universities and colleges, really important access programs, and I think that's really important.
In the metal earth science research project—it's not an outreach program; it's a science program—I want my young post-docs, my Ph.D. students, my master's students, my bachelor's students to go into first nation communities and excite them. I don't want old guys like me going in to tell them about the careers in the mining sector. I want young kids to go in and get them fired up, but they need to have that at home and it has to have value. When you have ownership it has value. That I would say is a fundamental step.