My academic research studies the transitions in big sociotechnical systems. That's everything from developing piped water and sewage to the transformation of farming to rely on chemical fertilizers. It's many different changes. The typical pattern is that most of the incumbent industry sticks with the old technology because they're doing so well selling it and they have many sunk costs in investment. Very often—not always, but very often—the pressure to change comes from outside. I gave the Kodak example. It wasn't the film companies that made the transformation; it came completely from outside, with the digital technologies.
Sometimes the incumbents, the established firms, can adapt. That's what I would hope for Canadian industry—that some of our big energy companies could adapt and start investing in some of the technologies of the future as well as the technologies they've mastered already—but we'll see.