Thank you for the question, Mr. Chair, and your comments on the report.
I think there are a few things. If we look at cybercriminals, they very much reply upon an extremely developed ecosystem that relies on things like anonymous financial transactions—Bitcoin and the like. Having online digital currencies really does facilitate that.
In terms of the risk, it's certainly a question that I wish one of my colleagues from the RCMP were here to talk about in terms of prosecutions, but it remains a challenging environment in which you can achieve fraud against a Canadian from remote jurisdictions. As the report points out, there are many jurisdictions in which you will not suffer consequences from local authorities because as long as you don't target their citizens, they're not going to go after you. A bit of a quid pro quo seems to exist, and it certainly has been highlighted in some of the research.
In terms of some of the costs, we do try to impose costs. The government has done a number of attributions to call out state activity that we feel is crossing thresholds and crossing lines. Earlier this year we called out Russia for its activity against vaccine research companies. We have certainly joined our allies a number of times to do that. That was one instance in which we joined in with the United Kingdom and the United States to do that, specifically because it was targeting our areas, but we have, at some points, along with our allies, called out behaviour of each of the four nations I mentioned.