Thank you, Madam Chair.
Indeed, the examples I have presented are cases where attempts have been made to bring fundamental research closer to businesses. The aim is to exploit inventions, but also to carry out what I call transitional research. This means that researchers conduct more applied research and ensure that they produce prototypes and find practical applications, for example. This is what they are doing in the many institutes that have been set up in Europe, particularly in Germany.
Ultimately, the most important thing is to demonstrate that what is done in fundamental research can be used and applied in certain fields. Proof of concept is needed. From there, as this experimental research is sometimes quite costly, the costs and risks involved are shared. This makes it possible to showcase fundamental research and transform it.
Often, what is missing here is this applied research component. As I said earlier, researchers sometimes have great difficulty protecting their intellectual property and finding the right people or industries to apply their research. The institutes I mentioned can play this role and fulfill this mission. Most of their researchers do applied research and do not have academic careers with publication goals, but they still have very important expertise and will focus on the link with businesses.