I thank the member for her question.
We are studying innovation analysis, and we find that, most of the time, what we lack is financial support to ensure the sustainability of these models. In Germany and elsewhere in Europe, funding for institutes is distributed in such a way that one third comes from public funds to ensure their sustainability, one third comes from industrial contracts, and one third comes from licences and private revenue.
In Quebec, there are a few examples, such as INO, which is a centre of expertise in optics and photonics, and the Computer Research Institute of Montreal, or CRIM, for artificial intelligence. However, we see that they mainly obtain private contracts to support their work, but they do not have the funds to ensure the sustainability of their operations. Ultimately, what is important is to define transitional research as one of the essential links in the success of R and D.
Obviously, these institutes attract private funding because they attract industry, but they lack this source of public funding. In Europe, institutes also seek competitive public contracts. They participate in major competitions such as Horizon Europe. They are stakeholders because they have strong links with universities and businesses. They still receive significant public funding to ensure their operation.