In terms of the overall impact of mandates on the protection of the population, I would have to defer to colleagues with PHAC on that. Before I do that, I would simply say that, at Transport Canada, we have been working with our partners to put in place extensive restrictions on travel as well as rules for safe travel when travel returns, everything from closing the border, shutting down flights and shutting down cruise ships to restarting all of these industries but ensuring that it's done with the right measures to protect travellers, whether it is distancing, mask mandates or vaccine mandates. Those have evolved significantly over the last two and a half years. We put in place dozens and dozens of orders and adjusted them dozens of times based on public health conditions and the latest public health science and research.
It is our assessment that they have made a significant difference by enabling people, Canadians and foreigners, to travel and do so safely despite the threat of COVID.
In terms of the broader question about the impact of mandates on protecting the population, I would have to turn to a colleague from the Public Health Agency of Canada.