National Defence committee  I still think it's not going to be all NATO countries; not all of them can operate in the Arctic. It's going to be the same NATO countries that we have seen. The primary deterrent to the North American Arctic has been via NORAD. I don't see that changing. What we are looking to

National Defence committee  Well, yes and no. What we're seeing from Russia so far is that they are not being more aggressive in the Arctic. When Exercise Cold Response was held by NATO in May, Russia was very careful about its behaviour around that. The fact is that, from an economic perspective, the Arcti

National Defence committee  On the first one, I think that's a red herring. Russia will certainly make hay over the fact that Sweden and Finland may join NATO in the future. It's not a fait accompli. However, Finland and Sweden have always been a part of every NATO Arctic exercise. When we had the Arctic

National Defence committee  Well, I think NORAD has evolved over time, especially since 9/11. More important, I think, is integrating the efforts of NORAD, NATO and the hundreds of bilateral agreements that Canada and the U.S. have in the other domains, in the land, sea and space domains. That's where we

National Defence committee  Thank you very much. I don't know that it's necessarily a change, because I don't want us to make precipitous decisions. I do think that this move towards all-domain command and control is going to mean that, first of all, our air operation centres will need to be larger to be a

National Defence committee  I think we don't want to try to be all things to all people. We have now made North American continental defence the priority. We cannot deviate from that, because quite frankly we can't manage very much more. I'm also really concerned that we're having a NORAD moment and that

National Defence committee  I can answer that one. One of the things we are lacking is a code of conduct for military and security vessels operating in the Arctic. We have one for the South China Sea and the East China Sea. One of the things that all the Arctic states were trying to work toward was this

National Defence committee  Thanks very much. I think what you're trying to get at is whether we have the right laws to entice Russia to continue to respect the rules-based international order. Notwithstanding the egregious behaviour in Ukraine, when it comes to the Arctic, they've actually been a very hel

National Defence committee  I certainly can. As I was saying in my opening remarks, I don't think this Arctic 7 versus Russia is helpful. I was actually very surprised that Canada would host the first Arctic chief of defence staff meeting this summer, having already met with Arctic allies without Russia, an

Public Safety committee  I think you've demonstrated the issue, which is that we do tend to think there is the defence domain and there is the security and safety domain. What we're trying to say is that we need to bring these together. We cannot work in isolation anymore. I would suggest you look at t

Public Safety committee  I'm not a cyber specialist, but insofar as I study continental defence, I think one of the persistent problems we have is that we are still very stovepiped. One, we tend to think about threats and particular domains, so that's land, air and maritime, including the cyberspace. We

Public Safety committee  I think one of the things we need to do is think about sovereignty in a more nuanced way. One of the biggest deterrents to Russia is having communities in the Arctic that are healthy and that see themselves staying in the region because there are employment opportunities. We don

Public Safety committee  As for the 2%, we technically have until 2024. The Wales summit in 2014 made that indication. Rather than thinking about the actual number, we have to think about whether we have the capacity to spend those monies. I think that NORAD modernization and a focus on continental defe

Public Safety committee  Thank you very much. My remarks are prefaced on the assumption that Russia is a persistent threat and that we need to think about North America's security posture, not simply Canada's. Since 1938, a threat to either the U.S. or Canada is a threat to the other, and they are indiv

Foreign Affairs committee  I agree with Dr. Perry. NORAD has been looking at this for a number of years. We've had a number of initiatives. It started with NORAD Next. We now have EVONAD. They're considering the defence of North America in the six domains, including domains we have yet to consider, and loo