That's a great question.
Just to add a personal angle to this, when I was 19 years old I lived and worked in east Africa, in Tanzania. Every day I would get on a minibus and go to work, and we would pass through two or three police roadblocks. Each day, at each of those instances, the driver would have to pay off a little bit of money to the police officer in order to be able to pass through. There are many reasons why that is the case. They are deeply complex. In many respects, I understand why the police officer wants to take just a little bit on the side. They are not even getting paid enough necessarily to take care of their families. So these issues of corruption are not easily solved. Often there isn't solely one person to blame for them.
With respect to the idea that we're speaking about right now, cash-on-delivery aid, I think it attempts to solve as best it can the issue of corruption. It is not the sole focus of why this is an interesting model. At the end of the day, this is about a result, and the result is what matters.
The thinking is that if a government is going to achieve that result, collusion and corruption are less likely to have taken place, because if they have taken place, then we should not have evidence at the end of the day that the result was achieved. As I said, third party verification that is extremely thorough needs to be in place to have some checks and balances to ensure that moneys have been used properly.
Another key attribute of cash-on-delivery aid is that it requires that the government—of Ghana, for instance—needs to make that contract and all of the details of that contract publicly available. That way, the citizens, the Ghanaian media, the Ghanaian parliamentarians, whoever it might be, can see and access that information readily and can hold their government and their leaders to account on what they are supposed to be delivering to their citizens.
That is actually an innovation and an improvement upon which a lot of aid has traditionally worked. It's not going to solve all corruption, but we believe it is certainly a step in the right direction. It gives more incentive, quite frankly, because a government isn't going to get money unless they're able to deliver that result. They all of a sudden have a lot more reason to really focus in hard on ensuring that they're delivering quality services for their people.