As the second vice-chair of the committee, I'll be chairing today's meeting in the absence of Michael Levitt and Erin O'Toole.
This is the 138th meeting of the committee, and we are continuing our study on threats to liberal democracy in Europe.
To do so, we start by welcoming the following two witnesses.
First, from London, England, we welcome Anne Applebaum. She is a historian, Pulitzer Prize winner, Washington Post columnist and Professor of Practice at the Institute of Global Affairs, London School of Economics.
Her publications include: Gulag: A History, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-1956 and Red Famine, Stalin's War on Ukraine.
That was published in 2017.
Ms. Applebaum, welcome to the committee.
Then, from Warsaw, Poland, we will welcome Rafal Pankowski, Associate Professor at the Collegium Civitas, Warsaw, and co-founder of the “Never Again” Association, which describes itself as the main anti-racist organization in Poland.
His publications include Neo-Fascism in Western Europe: A Study in Ideology, Racism and Popular Culture, and The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots.
Mr. Pankowski, welcome to the committee.
We'll start with Ms. Applebaum, who has 10 minutes, and then we'll go to Mr. Pankowski.
Ms. Applebaum, the floor is yours.