Mr. Chair, maybe I can start. I'd be happy to have colleagues join in.
Obviously, following its illegal invasion of Ukraine, Russia remains the most capable actor in the Arctic. Despite its engagement in Ukraine, it is continuing to invest heavily in defensive and military capabilities in the Arctic, essentially going back to Cold War tactics and mentality there. A lot of it is potentially for defensive purposes along the northern sea route, but there's nothing preventing them from using it for offensive purposes. We've seen Russian aircraft come close to NORAD air defence identification zones.
We're also seeing, as you point out, an increase in collaboration on the part of Russia and China. Particularly in the Arctic, there has been Chinese military engagement in joint maritime patrols off the Aleutians, whether warships or coast guards from Russia and China, and, again, we've seen Russian and Chinese aircraft off the American air defence identification zone in July 2024. China is very much engaged in resource extraction in the Russian north and, I think, is leveraging Russia's need for resources and for sanctions evasion as a result of the Ukraine war. China is really profiting from LNG exploitation, etc.
I'm happy to turn to other colleagues for any other elements.