I don't think any one department has all of that information.
At Global Affairs Canada, we have a list of people who register as travellers or who live in another country. Canadians pay their taxes, but they're not necessarily the same people. It's the same with passports. Some Canadians may apply for a passport abroad, but not necessarily because they live there; it may be because they had a problem with their passport during their trip.
So there's no way of knowing where all Canadians residing abroad live.