I would say that this is an especially difficult question because Canada has placed pressure on the platforms. In fact, from our assessments in both 2019 and 2021, platforms were actually more keyed in, because of these pressures, to take proactive action—or at least quick action—when something was obviously undermining Canadian election integrity. It's my sense that the broader political conditions in 2025 made it so that some previous commitments, voluntary commitments that these platforms had made, were no longer in force. In that environment, one has to turn to law and statutory mechanisms to try to compel the same co-operation.
