I don't know if this will answer your question, but we label the kids, and the kids take those labels very easily. But very quickly they take those labels and mould them into new ones--for example, Fresh Off the Boat into Forever Our Brother.
From my research in Saskatoon and Edmonton, I found that even with Fresh Off the Boat, most members were ethnic immigrants. But the Calgary Herald published a full page of the members of Fresh Off the Boat and Fresh Off the Boat Killers who had died in the past four years, and many white people were in there. Aboriginal gangs were predominantly what I looked at in Edmonton and Saskatoon, but they have Chinese and black people in there.
I think when we go into the field, the gangs are more ethnically mixed as opposed to what is portrayed here.